By contrast to pragmatic constructivists, who attempt to skirt these issues through philosophical quietism, philosophical formalists often handle these issues by subtly misconstruing the doctrine. Thus, Ripstein, following a similar argument by Weinrib,287 argues that both the tort of negligence and the strict liability torts can be understood as prohibiting the wrong of harming another person by subjecting her to an “excessive risk” (that is, a risk greater than the background risks that attend ordinary social life).288 The argument is intolerably strained. Someone who imposes an unusually large risk on another person does not seem to treat her wrongfully (in any recognizable and nonfictive sense) if that risk is justifiably imposed. The argument is also unfaithful to a vast swath of settled doctrine. Notwithstanding a couple of famous old English cases, such as Bolton v. Stone289 (on which Ripstein290 and Weinrib291 heavily rely), it is black-letter law that a plaintiff will not recover in negligence against a defendant who has injured him by reasonably and carefully imposing a risk upon him, unusually large though that risk may be.292
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